Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 217

Assignment Example Issues arose when it came to the income statement. Although Gabel Boarding School not for profit organization meaning its primary organizational objective is not profit maximization, the school is heading towards the dark end. The financial statements indicate that the company spends more than it earns in one trading period. When there are many expenses that the income, the school generates the chances of the operations of the school getting paralyzed are very high. The financial statements of Gabel Boarding School also indicate that the biggest source of funds for the school loans from banks and other financial statements. Ideally not for profit organization do not get their revenues from their activities but donors and investors. Donors and investor are parties interested in the good will of the project. Loans tend to drain all the funds from the operations and the little income the school gets. Another issue with the financial statements of the school is that there are many miscellaneous expenses. The miscellaneous expenses generate not revenues for the school and thus act as a fiscal restraint. Not for profit organizations usually have their income statements include few details. They add up all items from their expenditures and record them as one item. Their statements have a particular audience who are the donor and investors. Because of the audience they attract they only list important activities of the organization, unlike Gabel Boarding School where all items are in the list (McCarthy, Nancy and John 132). The first recommendation that the school must work on immediately reduce their expense accounts. Reducing the expense account does not necessarily mean that the school stops carrying out its operations but instead either raise the revenues they have from other sources or get rid of activities that are no a must do. The best way to reduce expense from the organization’s activities is to have a checklist (McCarthy, Nancy and

U.S.-Middle East Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

U.S.-Middle East Relations - Essay Example As Americans, the thought of Middle East almost instantly ignites visual pictures of extremist terrorists who can go a painful length to attain revenge on their enemies. They thus view America as being supportive of the Israeli invasion of Palestine. U.S political elites view Israel as being strategically located for their influence in world politics. Their support for Israel is blindsided by the atrocities committed by the Israelites on Palestinians. The shared values between the US and Israel makes these political elites to become insensitive to the suffering of the Palestinian people (Hahn 167). The political elites believe that it is right for Israel to repossess Palestine back as their land. Jews played a major role in early America, the American Revolution and on the country’s founding fathers. This shared system of values including that of shared democratic politics, economic development, and shared religious heritage has made the US and Israel close allies that the political elites become focused on maintaining this relation while overlooking Palestinian  suffering.

Holistic approach of yoga for health

Holistic approach of yoga for health In this modern era, we have all the material comforts due to advancements in technology; this rapid progress and technological development has changed the life style of the people, which in turn seems to pose many challenges. Today, ones life style has changed in all aspects, viz physical, mental social. Mankind suffered from infectious contagious diseases before 19th century. Thanks to all advances in modern medicine, this has helped us to get these infectious contagious diseases under control. These are now replaced by psychosomatic ailments which are assuming epidemic proportions. Scientists are recognizing that the modern lifestyle has a major contribution for this. The modern medical science is recognizing its limitations in treating these psychosomatic ailments as evidenced by low success rates in the treatment, side effects of the medicine continuing increase in the incidence of these life style problems. So, people are looking for some alternate remedy for their problems for effective management of their problems. In the past few years there is tremendous scope for the Complimentary Alternative Medicines (CAM). The aim of this report is to provide information about the positive benefits of an alternate system. Now is the time to review our approach in treating psychosomatic problems. A change in attitude and lifestyle is necessary to help us to cope with the problems and diseases. On the positive side, man has the potential to search for pragmatic and simple solutions. By finding realistic alternatives and by creating positive solutions, the problems can be resolved, and the world brought out of its present crisis. Recent researches have shown that mind, the psyche plays a prime role in most of the psychosomatic diseases. The biomedical approach of modern medicine has looked at only (Physical) superficial aspect of ones existence, which in turn seems to have limited its treatment success. Vedas the treasure house of ancient Indian science, which includes Yoga Ayurveda, may play an important role in treating these diseases with their holistic/ integrated approach. These two systems play a prime role in the expanded version of CAM. This science is more than 5000 years old. These are the major tools to achieve Chaturtha purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha) which is a prime goal of all human being. In the classics they very beautifully explains that, we need long healthy life span to achieve chaturvidha purusharthas, ayurveda helps to achieve long healthy life span yoga is to achieve a higher goal like Moksha(Liberation). As Yoga is known to calm down the mind, so in the modern era it h as become an important tool to treat these psychosomatic diseases. Even though it is known for higher goal like Moksha, its need of the hour to successful conquering the challenges of these psychosomatic diseases. Through yoga, one can understand this root cause and take measures to establish peace and harmony. The approaches are integrated at all levels Annamaya koņºa, Pranamaya koņºa, Manomaya koņºa, Vijà ±Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ namaya Koņºa and Änandamaya koņºa promoting physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Concept of health and Yoga Health is a state of well-being at physical, mental, social and spiritual levels and not merely an absence of illness or infirmity. This is the definition of Health as defined by World Health Organization (WHO). Prior to this latest definition the World Health Organization adopted only three components e.g. Physical, Mental and Social. The spiritual role played in making a healthy body was very newly recognized by this International Authority only after knowing the efficacy of yoga as a science in totality, so to say, an integrated and holistic science. Sri Aurobindo emphasizes, health is an all-round personality development; at the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual levels. It is a process by which the limitations and imperfections can be washed away resulting in a superhuman race. The new facilities of deeper perceptions of the world beyond the five senses emerge in this phase of superman existence. Further growth leads to man to unfold ever deeper layers of consciousness and widen the spectrum of his knowledge to move towards divinity or perfection. Yoga is a systematic conscious process for accelerating the growth of human being from his animal level and ultimately to divinity. It is a systematic methodology for all-round personality development on the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual components of man. Thus, Yoga in its general methodology for the growth of man to divine heights includes techniques useful for therapeutic applications in making man healthier. Yoga way of life is charac terized by peace and tranquility, harmony and health, love and happiness, precision and efficiency. The aim of this report is to provide information about the positive benefits of an alternate system. Unlike conventional medicine where in the application of drugs treat only the surface level of the ailments and there are also dangerous side effects, which sometimes cause more problems the traditional yoga philosophy regards the human being as an indivisible entity. So it adopts a holistic approach. The root cause of the modern psychosomatic ailments is the stress. Through yoga, one can understand this root cause and take measures to establish peace and harmony. The approaches are integrated at all levels à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (annamaya koņºa ), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ªÃƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ °Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (prÄ Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¡amaya koņºa), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã ‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (manomaya koņºa ), à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ µÃƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã…“à  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶ (vijà ±Ãƒâ€žÃ‚ namaya koņºa) and à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ®Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¯ à  Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¶(Ä nandamaya koņºa) promoting physical, mental, social and spiritual health. Recent research proved the efficacy of yoga in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases, but as it is comparatively new to treat these diseases, experts believe more research needs to be under taken. Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (I.A.Y.T) In ancient science yoga is known for higher goals like Moksha (Liberation). But as we know the need of the hour is to use Yoga for treating the psychosomatic ailments. From the last few decades yoga gained popularity as one of the Complimentary Alternative Medicines (CAM) in all parts of the world. Different people are using it in different ways. It has also become a part of education with its multifold advantages. Yoga is used for developing memory, intelligence and creativity. The modern medical system has replaced almost all the traditions system of medicine in different parts of the globe because of its relational basis. It has proved itself most effective in saving man from the fatal hands of contagious and infectious diseases. But many psychosomatic ailments and psychiatric problems pose a great disturbance to the modern medical system. It is here that yoga is making a vital contribution to the modern medical system. Patanjali defines YOGA in his second patanjalis aphorism as; Yogah Citta Vriti Nirodhah Yoga is a continuous process of gaining control over the mind which helps us to reach over original state. Yoga helps us to remain calm and silent under a given situation and to think and act accordingly. As per yoga Vasistha, Yoga is a skilful trick to calm down the mind on the tend it is portrayed as Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga Ityabhidhiyate. According to Bhagwad Gita, it is, yogah karmasu kausalam which says yoga is dexterity in action. According to Sri Aurobindo, health is an all-round personality development; at the physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual levels. It is a process by which the limitation and imperfections can be washed away resulting in a super human race. Further growth leads man to unfold even deeper layers of consciousness and widen the spectrum of his knowledge to more towards divinity or perfection. In this march towards perfection, Yoga is a systematic conscious process for accelerating the growth of a human being from his animal level and ultimately to divinity. It is a systematic methodology for and all round personality development physical, mental, intellectual, emotional and spiritual components of man. Thus, yoga in its general methodology for the growth of man to divine heights includes technique useful for therapeutic applications in making man healthier. Yoga not only provides techniques for the growth of man from his animal level to heights of perfection it carves out a way of life for him. Yoga way of life in characterized by peace and tranquility, harmony and health, love and happiness, precision and efficiency. Pancha kosa: Pancha Kosa has been taken from Taittireya Upanisad. Human existence is made possible because of balance between five layers or Kosas. These Kosas are called Pancha Kosa, the 5 livered existence of human being. The fine Kosas are: i) Annamaya Kosa: This is the physical layer, over physical body is made of anna or matter. This matter based aspect of our physical personality is Annamaya Kosa. Annamaya Kosa consists of five elements are Panchabhutas namely earth, water, fire, wind and space. Thus, Annamaya Kosa is the physical frame which is the grossest of the five Kosas. ii) Pranamaya Kosa: It is prana the vital force which is the basic fabric of this universe both inside and outside our body. A uniform harmonious flow of prana to each and every all of the Annamya Kosa keeps them alive and healthy. Prana flows through nadis which is called Pancha Prana namely Apana, Prana, Udana, Samana and Vyana. iii) Manomaya Kosas: This is the mental layer where thoughts give rise to strong emotion. It is this emotion that is the root cause of all human joy and distress. When this emotion grows stronger, they govern against our right actions. This leads to imbalances called Adhi or stress. Long standing Adhis get pushed into pranamaya and annamaya Kosa causing Vyadhis. iv) Vijanamaya Kosa: This is the discriminating faculty. It works on conscience which continuously guides the manamoya kosa to get mastery over the basic instincts. It is this component of the mind that was developed in human race that greatly differentiates man from animals. v) Anandamaya Kosa: This is the bliss layer of our existence. This is the most suitable aspect of our existence which is derived of any form of emotions. Bliss is embodied in Anandamaya Kosa, the highest stage of emotion in the manifested existence. It is the subtest among the five layers of existence. The science of illnesses: In Anandamaya Kosa a man is healthiest with perfect harmony and balance of all his faculties. At Vijnanamaya Kosa the movements are channelized in the right direction. The imbalances start only in the Manomaya Kosa. This imbalance amplifies themselves resulting in mental illness called Adhi. At this stage there are no symptoms at the physical level. The mental diseases percolate to the physical from because of the growth of wrong actions. These breed physical diseases are called Vyadhi which is divided into Adhija Vyadhi and Anadhija Vyadhi. The Adhija Vyadhi is two fold- samanya and sara. The former includes diseases incidental to the body. These may be termed as psychosomatic ailments. But the latter is responsible for rebirth to which all men are subjected. The second category of ailments is Anadija Vyadhi those which are not originated by mind. These would probably include the infectious and contagious disease. The disturbances in the Manomaya Kosa percolate into the physical layer through the Pranamaya Kosa. Hence in the treatment of these psychosomatic ailments it becomes mandatory to work at all the levels of pancha kosa. The integrated approach thus, consists is not only dealing with physical sheath, it also includes using technique to operate in different sheaths of our existence. A brief description is given below. i) Annamaya Kosa: a healthy yogic diet, kriyas, loosing exercises and yogasanas are used to operate at the annamaya kosa level and to remove the physical symptoms of the ailments and also plays an important role in building the stamina. ii) Pranamaya Kosa: Prana is the basic life principle. Pranamaya is a process for gaining control over prana. Through the practices of proper breathing, Kriyas pranayamas, we start operating on pranamaya Kosa. Thus, ailments are handled at this pranamaya Kosa level. iii) Manomaya Kosa: A direct operation on this level is made possible by the last three limbs of Astanga Yoga of Patanjali-Dharma, Dhyana and Samadhi. A devotional session containing of prayers, chants, Bhajans, Dhuns, Stotras etc. help to build a congenial atmosphere to evoke, recognize, attenuate and dissipate the emotion. Therefore, the control over the manomaya kosa means control over the adhis and vyadhis. iv) Vijnanamaya Kosa: we can come over all the miseries and obsessions by basic perception and right knowledge. Listening lectures, discussing and counseling of yoga philosophy; positives, and constructive topics offers the right attitude. v) Anadamaya Kosa: The body of happiness can only be brought by working with a background of blissfulness the techniques used come under the heading of Karma Yoga the secret of action. Thus the IAYT helps us for the total holistic health and humanity to build a divine society. CHAPTER 8: DIABETES MELLITUS Definition: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Several distinct types of DM exist and are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors. Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production. The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems that impose a tremendous burden on the individual with diabetes and on the health care system. It is most common of the endocrine disorders. Being chronic it affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, fat, water and electrolytes. The result is by effecting the eye, kidney and nervous system. Classification: Diabetes mellitus is classified into 2 major types. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile Onset Diabetes (JOD) Non-Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. (NIDDM) 1. Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) This is an Immune Mediated Diabetes which is caused by a phenomenon called Auto Immune Mechanism. Here, the immune system goes wrong and produce antibodies. When autoimmune mechanisms are directed against the insulin producing B-cells of the pancreas (diabetes does not set in until 80% of B-cells are destroyed).saaaq Then, the pancreas stops producing insulin or producing insufficient qualities this prevents glucose from entering the body cells which results high level of food in the form of glucose in the blood stream, this type of diabetes must inject themselves daily with insulin. Juvenile Onset Diabetes: This subtype commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence but can occur in any age both sexes can be affected. Idiopathic Diabetes is also type of IDDM. Here dietary plays an important part. There is no evidence of B-cell destruction. Episodes of rise in blood glucose and ketone accumulation may occur periodically. The patients may require insulin treatment for survival. 2. Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus / Adult Onset Diabetes (AOD) In this type an inappropriate secretion of insulin at the wrong time or the body issue becomes less responsive to the insulin. In this form of diabetes insulin release appear to occur too late in the cycle so the blood sugar level rises to a high level before insulin is secreted and when it is secreted then that there is a no enough to cope with the high blood sugar level. It is called Non-Insulin Dependent DM because it can usually be controlled without the use of insulin injection. This type was also referred as Adult Onset Diabetes since it occurs most often in adults, 40 years of age and older. Other types of Diabetes. a) Potential diabà ¨tes: Patients are having increase liability to develop diabetes due to genetic reason on child of diabetes parents. b) Latent Diabetes: Patients who have shown abnormal results under comparing a burden on the pancreatic all during pregnancy or infection. Causes of Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes occurs due to heredity, and autoimmunity. Type 2 Diabetes occurs due to heredity, overweight, sedentary life style and degenative Heredity: The heredity characteristics are: If a parent has type-1 diabetes i.e. IDDM, a child has 2-5% change of developing DM. If a child has Type-1 DM, the changes of a brother or a sister developing DM is of the order of 5-10%. If a person with one parent with type-II Diabetes has a chance of 25% of developing type-II diabetes during adult hood. If both the parents have diabetes it increase to 50% If a person has type-II diabetes the chances of a brother or a sister with develop in the order of 20-40% Overweight: 50-80% of the people with type-II diabetes are overweight at the time of diagnosis. Auto immunity: In this condition, the bodys immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys of its own cells eg. Beta cells of the islets of langerhans in Type-1 diabetes. Age: When there are two children of parents with diabetes and one becomes overweight during adulthood and the other does not one will be more likely to develop type II Diabetes Signs and Symptoms: Diabetes mellitus usually occurs with following sign and symptoms. Dryness of the mouth and excessive thirst Frequent urination Weight loss Weakness and inability to cope with the daily routine Redness and Irritation of genitalia Blurred vision Fatigue Painful limbs Pain in fingers and toes Cramps or numbers of feet may be present Diagnosis: Depends on history, examination supported by following investigations Blood sugar test Fasting blood sugar (FBS), Normal range 50- 100mg% or (5-6-5mmol/l) Post prandial blood sugar (PPBS), Normal range 130-160mg% or (6-8 mmol/l) Urine Test Glucose appears in urine when the blood glucose level exceeds about 180mg%. This limit is called Renal Kidney threshold for glucose. Methods of testing Sugar/Glucose. Benedicts test Paper strip test. Glucose Tolerance Test: Medical Management: Diabetes mellitus cannot be cured completely but can be kept under control with the help of dietary changes, drugs or insulin. Main object of Management: To provide quality the life of diabetic patients To relieve the symptoms of diabetes. To establish good sugar control To stop diabetes spreading for their complication. Mode of the Diabetic Management Diet Exercise Medicine Acupuncture/Acupressure Yoga Magnet therapy Principle of Diet-Planning: A DM patients diet should be able to Supply sufficient amount of energy giving nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats. -Supply sufficient amounts of vitamins and minerals. To maintain ideal body weight. To help in avoiding complications of DM. Yogic Management: According to yoga, the causes of diabetes are in the mind i.e. stress any percolate down to Prà ¤namaya kosha and Annamaya Kosha. Hence it has got to be tackled at all the five koshas. Annamaya Kosa: Diet control is important; Sithilikarna Vyayama should be practiced to stimulate internal organs. Asanas brings flexibility suppleness to muscular system, help in removing tamasic behaviour. It also activates the vital internal organs Kriyas, Uddiyanabandha and Agnisara help increasing the blood flow to the region resulting in removing impurities and stimulating the pancreas Pranamaya kosa: Pranayama is gaining mastery over prana the basic life giving force. It regulates the breath and balances prana. The following practices are very helpful. Sectional breathing, Nadi Suddhi and Brahmari etc. Manomaya Kosa: The guided meditative practices described here under are easy to follow and highly beneficial in calming down and slowing down the mind. OM Mediation DRT MSRT QRT Cyclic Mediation Devotional Session Vijnanamaya Kosa: At the intellectual level, a national correction is imparted as to What is real happiness? i.e. Happy Analysis Ananda Mimamsa an effort to redeem the participants of all miseries and obsessions and attachments. This is done through counseling, satsangs, lectures, maitrimilian etc. Anandamaya Kosa: Everybody experienced that Ananda the blissful state beyond the time and space at least for a short time. May be by accident and may not be aware how to get that blissful state again and be in it for longer time if not forever participants are encouraged to be in touch with that blissful state through Karma Yoga and Happy Assembly. Case History: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Name : Mr. C. R. Age Sex : 73, Female Occupation : Agriculture Marital status : Married Education : PUC Date of Admission : Date of Discharge : Diagnosis : Diabetes Mellitus Chief Complaints: K/C/O- Diabetes and Hypertension since 15 years Tingling numbness in feet Delay in wound healing BPH and Constipation since 4 years Kidney stones since 2 years History of Present Illness: Patent was apparently normal before 15 years then he got to know that he is diabetic when his blood was checked. Later he was started with the medications. Gradually he developed the Prostate hypertrophy and constipation. Two years back he developed kidney stones. Personal History: Appetite : Normal Sleep : Disturbed Bowls : Constipated Bladder : Frequent urination Addictions : No Menstrual/ OBG History: Not specific Past History: Had the head injury in road traffic accident 4 year ago He had the clot in the brain and operated in 2007 Family History: Father and son having high BP Treatment / Medication History: Tab. Riotrill 5 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Triptomen 0-0-1 Tab. Stamlo Beta 500 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Glymet GP2 1-0-1 Tab. Plagerine -A 0-1-1 Tab. Storvas 10 Mg 0-0-1 Tab. Himplasia 1-0-1 Tab. Y- Lax Constipation Social / Stress history: Wife expired 2 years ago, she was also diabetic Son is not co-operating Examination General Physical Examination: Built: moderate Pallor: + Clubbing: NAD Edema: Mild pitting edema in both legs Vital Signs: PR: 74/ min RR: 24/ min BP: 130/80 mm of Hg Temp: Normal Height: 56 Weight: 77 Kg Systemic Examination: CVS: NAD Investigations: FBS : 90 mg/dl 1 week ago (Venous blood) PPBS : 130 mg/ dl Diagnosis: Diabetes mellitus with neuropathy Aim of Present Therapy: Is to reduce the frequency of urination and to improve the quality of sleep. To reduce the diabetic complications, bring down the medications. To improve the overall quality of life. Management Progress: The participant attended all the classes and found all of them to be enjoyable and enlighten. Out of all the class he liked CM, initially he found DM special technique a little too exhausting. After some time he was toned down to accommodate his physical condition. He enjoyed the lecture by Dr. Raghuramji found them relevant to his life. Counseling Strategies: The participant was completely understood the holistic approach of the IAYT. We encouraged him to abstain completely abstain from the sweets during his stay so that he may see clearly that blood sugar level is drooping by time of his discharge. We encouraged him to participate actively during special technique sessions and to practice his own diligently so that the effect of each exercise is felt more clearly The participant responded positively when he started to noticing the improvement, he was more even more encouraged. We taught him the sweet Meditation and its theory. The participant loved many of the lectures as they touched on the realities of day to day life. Gentle words of encouragement and praise worked very well with this participant. Results: General Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 SYS BP (mm of Hg) 130 118 2 DIA BP (mm of Hg) 80 76 3 PULSE (cycles per min) 74 72 4 RR (cycles per min) 24 20 5 BHT(Sec) 8 11 6 WT(Kg) 77 76.1 Clinical Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 MEDICATION SCORE (MS) 8 8 2 SYMPTOM SCORE (SS) 4 1 Psychological Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 SATVA 21 21 2 RAJAS 2 2 3 TAMAS 2 2 Specific Parameters: S. NO PARTICULARS BY AY % CHANGE 1 FBS(mg/dl) 90 90 2 PPBS(mg/dl) 130 114 CHAPTER 7: BACK PAIN Definition Any pain which occurs in the region between the neck and pelvic at any point on the Spinal column, is termed as Back Pain. Back pain is not disease and therefore, it has no cure. But it can be controlled. Causes: Back pain is a symptom. Common causes of back pain involve disease or injury to the muscles, bones, and/or nerves of the spine. Pain arising from abnormalities of organs within the abdomen, pelvis, or chest may also be felt in the back. This is called referred pain. Many intra-abdominal disorders, such as appendicitis, aneurysms, kidney diseases, bladder infections, pelvic infections, and ovarian disorders, among others, can cause pain referred to the back. Normal pregnancy can cause back pain in many ways, including stretching ligaments within the pelvis, irritating nerves, and straining the low back. Your doctor will have this in mind when evaluating your pain. The most common causes of lower back pain are sprains and strains. Other conditions that can cause back pain include: disc injury, spinal stenosis, and osteoarthritis of the spine, spondylolisthesis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis and fractures of the lumbar spine, pregnancy, fibromyalgia. Classification: Several classifications are available. Feinstein described 3 major types of clinimetric indexes that are relevant to classification systems used for patients with LBP. These are the status index, the prognostic index, and the clinical guideline index. Followings are some conditions with a symptom of back pain Sciatica: A severe shooting pain that radiates from the lower back along the back of the thigh down to the outer inner side of the foot. Radiculopathy: Pain in the area where the particular nerve has been distributed, because of nerve trap or compression, patient feels pain in that area. Lumbar spondylosis: Limited movements of the waist region. Stiffening of the spine Cervical spondylosis Low back pain, neck pain, headache Arm pain and neck movements are reduced Tender spot in the trapezium muscles Arms become weak and lose reflexes. Coccydynia: Pain in the coccyx region Ankylosing spondylitis: Chronic stiffness in the hips and entire spine Mild to moderate nagging pain in the lumbar region or hips Lumbago: Acute pain to the buttocks or thighs Signs and Symptoms: Depends on type of Backpain Diagnostic Criteria: Asymmetrical straight leg raising Asymmetrical movements of lumbar spine Test for pain during movements Test for neurology defect Test for back pain on axial loading Test for sensory loss Imaging techniques i.e. CT and MRI Medical management: Depends on type of backpain. Analgesics anti-inflammatory. Surgery Yogic management: Prevention is better than cure. Preventive measures include: Awareness and correction of posture while standing, sitting and lying down Regular exercises Stress management Yogic techniques involving slow body movements followed by practices of deep relaxation are useful in maintaining the strength and flexibility of the spine. Regular practice of a basic set of yoga practices of 45 to 60 min including sà ¼rya Namaskà ¤r, loosening practices, 8-10 Ä sana followed by deep relaxation, PrÄ nÄ nyÄ ma and Meditation. The different Yogic practices affects on Pancha kosha levels: Annamaya kosha: Asana, Physical movements, kriyas, and Yogasanas are used to operate at the Annamaya kosa level and to remove the physical symptoms of the ailments. KriyÄ s: It is a yogic process to cleanse the inner organs of the body and they bring the following effects: Activating and revitalizing the organs, toning up their functions Desensitization Development of the deep internal awareness Physical exercise and movement: Very simple physical movements to mobilize and activates, particularly, affected parts of the body are used. Some easy physical exercises are adopted to fulfill the needs of the particular ailments. Loosen the joints, stretch and relax the muscles, improve the forbearance power, to develop stamina. Yogasanas: YogÄ sanas are physical postures often imitating the natural position of animal meant to tranquil the mind. Through postures the physical revitalization, deep relaxation and mental calmness are brought about. Pranamaya kosha: The sheath of prana is a process for gaining control over prana. Awareness and concentration on the painful parts give a control over the affected prana. Sectional breat

Health Essay -- essays research papers fc

Health 101   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different cancers, which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within two decades. Stomach cancer is the second most fatal cancer in males and in women, breast cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After taking a cancer profile test online, http://www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu, I was able to predict what my cancer risk would be at the age of 40 for prostate and kidney cancer. According to the information obtained, I was reluctant to see that I would have a below average risk for kidney cancer and have a much below average risk for prostate cancer. Even though it is unknown why cancer ... Health Essay -- essays research papers fc Health 101   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different cancers, which form on just about all parts of the body. In the US, skin cancer is the most common cancer, then prostate cancers in males, and then breast cancer in women. Leukemia is clearly the dominant cancer in children. The number one killing cancer in the world today is lung cancer, mostly caused by the smoking of cigarettes. Some researchers have stated that if Americans stopped smoking, lung-cancer deaths could disintegrate within two decades. Stomach cancer is the second most fatal cancer in males and in women, breast cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After taking a cancer profile test online, http://www.yourcancerrisk.harvard.edu, I was able to predict what my cancer risk would be at the age of 40 for prostate and kidney cancer. According to the information obtained, I was reluctant to see that I would have a below average risk for kidney cancer and have a much below average risk for prostate cancer. Even though it is unknown why cancer ...

Analysis of Impact of Immigration on Uk Nationals Trying to Find a Job Using Entman’s Definition of Framing.

Immigration in Uk- although not a recent occurrence, has become one of the most pressing social and economic issue for the country in the present times. With migrant population escalating by 22% during the open door policy period of 2000 to 2005 (Mail Online, 19 April 2012) and the number of immigrants and foreign born residents at its greatest than anytime in the history, immigration has also become a controversial political issue in Uk.In this essay, using Entman's model of framing, I will examine how the media and different political actors exercise framing of arguments supporting and opposing immigration and it's impact on British nationals trying to gain employment. Entman defines framing as â€Å"to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text , in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation for the item described. (1993:52) The key points in E ntman's model of framing are selection and salience. After a more or less conscious selection process of a matter, salience is given to certain elements to establish argument about the problem, its cause, evaluation and the solution to the problem – the four main purposes of framing. The news media frames the high unexpected numbers of immigration from European Union and non European Union countries, defining it not as an issue but as a potential problem and a socio-cultural threat to the country.The existing schemata in the belief system of present British population also view immigration as a potential problem due to the rise of foreign population. Schemata are the cognitive mental frameworks that help us perceive reality. Watson suggests that these existing schemata hugely affect our responses, despite our efforts to maintain impartiality. Therefore for successful communication, the communicator selects the issue of their interest highlighting the elements that fit with th e receiver’s existing schemata. (2003:187)I have chosen two contradicting news media articles on impact of immigration on employment of people in Uk, by MigrationWatch Uk and The Guardian, written with different political ideological perspective to analyse how framing a text in different ways serves different purposes. After the careful problem definition, framing diagnoses the problem addressing the associations and the sources of the problem. MigrationWatch Uk (6 Jan, 2012) diagnoses the high number of immigrants specially European Immigrants, to be a hindrance on possibilities of British nationals' employment.The article stresses on all the negative impact immigration has had on the local youth pointing out that the high number of skilled immigrant working for lower wages has thinned the chances of British born of getting the jobs they would have got were it not for the immigrants. On the other hand, the article published by The Guardian is in stark contrast with the forme r article which states that â€Å"Immigration to Britain has had little or no impact on the overall levels of unemployment, even during the recent recession. (10 Jan, 2012) The article claims of having no evidence of negative impacts of immigration on employment in Britain. Therefore, a different diagnosis on the same issue shows how communication texts can be framed by giving salience to different elements. The moral judgment then prompted by the framing of immigration suggests that the European Union(EU) immigrants have taken maximum advantage of the open border policy therefore abusing Britain’s generosity.By highlighting the numeric data of high number of British youth unemployment and EU employment, since 2004 till 2011, and showing the enormity of the problem, MigrationWatch UK suggests stopping anymore immigration and lowering the current number of immigrants as the only possible solution to minimize the negative effects of EU immigration on employment. Migration Watc h Uk is an organization which opposes high level of immigration in Britain and is open about its anti-immigration policies.The report published by the organization as part of the ‘zero net migration' campaign can be argued to be biased in its framing of immigration as it portrays youth unemployment problem as an immigration problem itself. The report has omitted the issues like the recession and lack of qualifications during the selection process and giving salience only to comparison of number of employed EU workers with the number unemployed British youths. The Guardian (10 Jan, 2012) on the other hand frames immigration as a trivial issue in relation to impact on employment, disregarding the seriousness of the issue nd omitting the factual numeric data- admitting to only a slight impact on employment of less skilled people. It points out that the rise of youth unemployment was prevalent before the large flow of immigrants from the European Union since 2004. Any conscious or unconscious framing of any text carried out by the communicator are the product of the communicator's frames or schemata that organize their perception of reality. However, Entman also argues that the frames, in a communication process, also exist in the receivers of the text and the culture apart from the communicator and the communicating text. 1993:52) Influenced by various physical, and social factors, the receivers have their own set of frames that navigate their perceptions and their judgments which may or may not coincide with the communicator's framing judgements or the frames in the text. Similarly, common frames or schemata exists in culture among different people in a social group sharing similar belief systems. For example, People from an area with dense immigrant population might criticize The Guardian's article for undermining the potential threat of immigration as they have witnessed the losing jobs to immigrants and agreeing with MigrationWatch Uk's report.While peo ple from more affluent places might criticize the latter as they believe immigrants are taking up domestic and labour works for them that British nationals would not do hence leaving the high skilled jobs for British people. â€Å"News frames make the world beyond direct experience look natural; they are principles of selection, emphasis and presentation composed of little tacit theories about what exist, what happens and what matters. ( Glitin 1980:6 in Allan 2010;74) News hugely influence the choices of audiences by the way they present a communicating text by arranging issues and framing them in the order they are to be comprehended and made meaning out of them. The readers of MigrationWatch Uk are influenced to perceive both EU and non-EU immigration as a grave employment problem Britain is faced to tackled with. It influences people either aware or unaware of other issues the country is facing in regards to employment , to perceive immigrants as solely responsible for lack of youth employment opportunities.The report can also trigger people already in disapproval of immigrants to develop anti -immigration attitude leading to rejection of foreign nationals and xenophobia. While The Guardian, on the other hand fails to illuminate the exact factual details of the high amounts of working immigrants that points out the seriousness of the matter. As a left winged news provider, The Guardian comes across as biased on immigration issues. Readers can perceive the article as covering up the bad news or important information of the high amount of unemployment of youth by giving more priority or salience to inaccuracy of the MigrationWatch report.This shows how the coverage of the same matter by a different organization with a different ideology , has framed the matter in a different light. News media frame the events in a way that highlights the components that advance the story and interest the viewers and are much less concerned with the underlying conditions of the events and components that explain the event rather than advance. (Giltin 1980:28 in Allan 2010:7) Although framed in different perspectives, both the articles show an understanding that the issue of immigration overall appeals to all audience irrespective of their right winged- left winged political ideology.The readers may or may not be able to relate the disorderly events of the world to their cultural belief systems or schemata. Therefore, by framing the events or issues and highlighting the components the communicators want the viewers to acknowledge, they present the events in an orderly and understandable way to the readers. Framing gives meaning and order to the numerous arbitrary happening in the social world by composing them into ordered meaningful events therefore becoming an efficient and important attribute in prevalent news presentation systems.Although, the issue of impacts of immigration on employment as well as on various other factors in Uk is being treated di fferently by different media organisations, and presented in different ways highlighting different aspect of the issues- some news media arguing on fears of unemployment, declining public services and social security and decreasing wages while some news media stressing on arguments related to cheap labour force and economic growth- as immigration turns into a physical and economical threat from being just a cultural threat, the problem becomes more politically prominent and less polarized pproach and responses of the problem by all news media is imminent. Bibliography: Entman, R. (1993) Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51: 58 [online] Available at: [Accessed: 22 April 2012] Gavaghan, J. (2012) Immigration boom under Labour changed face of Britain faster than any major country except Italy, Oxford experts reveal. Mail Online. [Online] 19 April Available at: < http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2132012/Immigration-boom-La bour-changed-face-Britain-faster-major-country-Italy-Oxford-experts-reveal. tml> [Accessed 26 April, 2012] Green, A. (2012) Youth Unemployment and Immigration From the A8 Countries. Migration Watch Uk. [Online] 6 Jan Available at: [Accessed 25 April 2012] Stuart, A. (2010) News Culture, 3rd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press Travis, A. (2012) Migrants do not affect jobless levels, say researchers. The Guardian, [Online] 10 Jan. Available at: [Accessed 23 April, 2012] Watson, J. (2003) Media Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Process, 2nd ed. Basingtoke: Palgrave

A handful of dates Essay

Children like to copy their favorite character. They imagine  themselves to be like that person when they get big. Like this, a young boy , the  main character of the story, â€Å"A Handful of Dates†, by Tayeb Saleh, imagine  himself to be like his grandfather, when he get big. The story describes the  childhood of a young boy, who does the things children typically do, go to school,  attend religious services, plays outside, and spends time with his favorite family  member, his grandfather. Although the boy loves his grandfather and considers him  as a great man, the boy realizes, through his treatment of his neighbor Masood,  that he is a greedy man, and doesn’t like him anymore.  Early in the story, the boy loves nature. The boy loves to go to the  mosque every morning to learn Quran. He also loves to swim in the river and  play in the field. The boy says, â€Å"The mosque, the river, and the fields – these were  the landmarks in our life†(p-1,para-1).He also says, â€Å"†¦I loved the river  too†(p1,para-2).In other words, the boy love the river as well as his village nature.  The boy was idealistic about his grandfather and wanted to be like him.  His relationship with his grandfather was very close. The boy says, â€Å"I loved to  give rein to my imagination and picture myself a tribe of giants living behind that  wood, a people tall and thin with white beards and sharp noses, like my  grandfather†(p-1,para-2).In his imagination he thinks about his grandfather, and  says, â€Å" when I grew to be a man, tall and slender like him, walking along with great strides†(p-1,para-2).He thinks himself to be like his grandfather when he gets  big. As the story begins, the boy notices his grandfather doesn’t like their  neighbor Masood. In a conversation he asked his grandfather that why he doesn’t  like Masood. His grandfather answered that Masood is lazy person  that’s why he  doesn’t like him. â€Å"He’s an indolent man and I don’t like such people†(p-2,para-5).  Moreover, grandfather also said that Masood married more than one time and  every time he got married, he sold some part of his property. â€Å" Masood, my boy,  was a much married man. Each time he married he sold me a feddan or two†(p-  3,para-14).The boy was thinking and made a calculation that may be Masood  married more than ninety women, and then remembered that he had three wives  and asking himself many questions. At the end of the story the boy realizes that  his grandfather wasn’t that kind of person which he thought.  According to the boy’s grandfather, he will buy all of the Masood’s  property before he dies. Long time ago when the grandfather first came in the  village he didn’t had any property. Now two third of his property’s owner is  grandfather. â€Å"†¦forty years ago all this belonged to Masood, two-thirds  of it is now  mine†(p-2,para-9). â€Å"†¦ I think that before Allah calls me to Him I shall have  bought the remaining third as well†(p-2,para-11).Grandfather also said to the boy  that he will buy Masood’s remaining property before he dies. The boy was  thinking of himself that why his grandfather doing that and felt sorry for Masood. An inner conflict develops when he found his grandfather is greedy,  which he should not be as a Muslim. When the grandfather said he will buy  Masood’s remaining property, the boy was thinking of himself that his grandfather  will do what he said, and felt sorry for Masood. â€Å"I do not know why it was I felt  fear at my grandfather’s words-and pity for our neighbor Masood. How I wished  my grandfather wouldn’t do what he’d said !† (p-2,para-12). The boy learn from the  Quran that people should be sympathetic to weaker section people of the society.  Instead of that, his grandfather wants to buy Masood’s remaining property, which  shows that he not the kind of person he should be as a Muslim.  The boy begins to notice Masood at the harvest, and he feels  sympathy for him.Masood invites the boy and his grandfather to harvest dates. At  the harvest field the boy noticed Masood and thinking what his grandfather said  about him. â€Å"I remembered Masood’s remark to me when he had once seen me  playing with the branch of a young palm tree: Palm tress, my boy, like humans,  experience joy and suffering. And I had felt an inward and unreasoned  embarrassment†(p-3,para-19).The boy remember, once he was playing with the  palm tree Masood told him that palm trees are like human, which means Masood  loves nature.

Conversation With Robi Damelin Example

Conversation With Robi Damelin Example Conversation With Robi Damelin – Coursework Example Robi Damelin Robi Damelin is one of the most inspirational people in the world. This is because she values peace as a means of conflict resolution. More outstanding is the fact that she is able to forgive in spite of personal experience of cruelty. Her courage synchronizes with Nelson Mandela’s stance when he gout of jail after 27 years. In addition, her ideology reflects that of Mahatma Gandhi who promoted peaceful gain of Indian sovereignty in spite of British mistreatment of Indians. Robi Damelin believes that war is an endless idea because it survives on vengeance and power play (Manzoor 1). This highlights war as an irrational subject in human existence that only continues out of unnecessary stubbornness of both divides that participate in the same. In the end, people invest more in war than invest in the vision of the war as a conflict resolution tool. On the other hand, peace creates the space for dialogues, which present long-term solutions to both parties. Robi believ es that the effect of the war should be assessed at the individual level whereby family members lose loved ones. Besides, Robi believes that if other people could make sacrifices and compromise on their bitter stances, the Israel-Palestine conflict would acquire a solution. Such a perspective requires that each party accept that it has suffered atrocities just as much as the other party. When individual pose to mourn, they are highly likely to see the war as a destructive and vain force. Reflections over the losses will eventually lead to the realization that the war needs to halt for the welfare of both parties.Works citedManzoor, Sarfraaz. ‘Shes Israeli, hes an Arab. War has made them like mother and son.’ The Guardian. May 10, 2009. Web. October 22, 2014.

History of House Music essays

History of House Music essays Like it or not, house was first and foremost a direct descendent of disco. House music which has been around now for about thirty years has changed the way people dance to music. House back when it was first introduced was not just a type of music but more like a way of life for people living in Chicago. Weekend after weekend people would flock to a place on the upper west side of Chicago called the Warehouse. At the Warehouse you could just let loose and let the house music take you away, because thats all that would be played their, house music. House now in our society is becoming more widespread due to the massive airplay it receives on radios as well as the music being used in certain commercials. House was first introduced right around the time that disco had started to slowly fade away. At this time in history most of the house tracks that were being produced were coming out of Chicago. This was due to the people in Chicago thinking that this type of music was going to be huge someday and them wanting to have something to do with it. According to Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton, In Chicago, as the seventies became eighties, if you were black and gay your church may well have been Frankie Knuckles Warehouse, a three story factory building in the citys desolate west side industrial zone. Frankie Knuckles has been described as one of the pioneers of house music. Frankie was the person responsible for the warehouse, where week in and week out kids would come here and pay four dollars to hear Frankie play this new type of music that people did not know much about. But for several years, house was a feeling, a rebellious musical taste, a way of declaring yourself in the know c laims Brewster and Broughton. The term house claims to have many origins within the house music scene. Chip E an early house producer says that the word house music was first starte ...

Benefits of ICT in Education and Classroom Management

Benefits of ICT in Education and Classroom Management ICT has so many advantages in the learning and teaching process. Classroom management is one of them that gained benefits from ICT. According to experienced teachers who use ICT in their classrooms that ICT may make the classroom controlling more effortless because ICT provides materials that make the class more interesting and easy to control (Cox and Webb, 2004). The existence of several sorts of ICT tools gives the class other support of learning especially in terms of visual and auditory learning. Thus the definition of classroom management â€Å"Content management occurs when teachers manage space, materials, equipment, the movement of people, and lessons that are part of a curriculum or program of studies† (Froyen they have ‘eyes in the back of their heads’ so are able to pay attention to several things at the same time; Letting pupils know what behavior is expected of them at any given point in time; Smoothness: teachers are able to guide pupil behavior v erbally or non- verbally without having to interrupt teaching; Maintaining group focus and interest.† Leask and Pachler(2005:44) ICT is beneficial for teachers too, to discipline student’s deportments in the class. In â€Å"withitness† teachers never are busy with other things in the class while answering a question or other activities (Leask and Pachler, 2005). They should pay their attention to students behaviour even they observe them out of the corner of their eye, it will be good. In addition, students know what they are going to do next time. Finally, in â€Å"smoothness† teachers use efficient techniques that guide students in a way, which does not lead to a noisy atmosphere in the class, but without interrupting teaching process. ICT and Motivation: The British educational communications and technology agency (Becta, 2003) has a research about ICT and motivation, which reports that regular use of ICT across various curriculum subjects, may have a u seful motivational impact on students learning (cited in Cox, 1997). It is clear that students stand more time in front of their tasks by using ICT like computer than other methods such as: classic method, which was manual, which is manual. ICT may solve discipline problems and decrease them. Moreover, students who used ICT for educational reasons in school feel more successful were more motivated to learn and have raised self-confidence and self-esteem (cited in Software and information industry association 2000). For example, while writing a paragraph by hand there is no grammar check to correct mistakes, but while ICT programs such as Microsoft Office word, which will detect most of the spelling and grammar mistakes. This process will encourage and motivate students certainly. Leask and Pachler, 2005 refer that the impaCT2 project evaluated the motivation of students through 15 case studies in their books. Researchers found that ICT not only encourages students to become more con centrated on the task. ICT also was seen by some teachers to improve both the competency and cognitive functioning (Cited in Comber et al., 2002, p. 9).

Public-key cryptography and information security Essay

Public-key cryptography and information security - Essay Example Public Key Cryptography (PKC) uses a key with two elements, a "public key" and a "private key", for the implementation of an encryption algorithm that doesn't require two parties (sender and receiver) to first exchange a secret key in an attempt to carry out the process of communication. In this scenario, the public key part is used for encryption entirely at the receiver side, whose private key part is applied for decryption. However, in order to make this communication safe it is necessary to make sure that only the intended receiver is able to access the private part of the key. Moreover, this concept is also used in elegant implementation of digital signatures (Tschabitscher, 2011) and (Adleman, Rivest, Shamir, & Williamson, 2010). Public key cryptography is considered as extremely protected for the reason that it does not require a secret common key between the receiver and sender. However, other encryption methods and technologies that utilize a single common key to both decryp t and encrypt information depend mutually on both parties (sender and receiver) in order to make a decision about a key ahead of time exclusive of other parties finding what that key is (Kayne, 2011). The most important benefit of PKC is its excellent security and ease of use. In addition, PKC is very useful in implementing secure algorithms since there is need to have an identical key for both parties (sender and the receiver).

MARKETING - Brands cannot be expected to last forever Essay

MARKETING - Brands cannot be expected to last forever - Essay Example The ability of brand to capture the market determines the term of its survival. Several factors play crucial roles in determining the life span of a brand. Raymond Vernon (as cited in Steers & Nardon, 2006, p.36) has developed a product or brand life cycle theory that clearly illustrates different phases in the life span of a brand, they are; product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. It is the first phase of a brand life cycle and the company carries out design, production, and research in this phase in order to ensure that the proposed idea would meet customer needs effectively. According to Kotler, Keller, Koshy, and Jha (2009, p.550), the management team usually conducts some market surveys to identify current market trends. Subsequently the company makes further modifications to the product in the light of obtained market responses. During this phase, the designed product is introduced into the market under a certain brand name. As it is a new brand in the market, consumers may not have adequate knowledge about it. Hence, marketers launch some public campaigns to promote the specific features of the products and thereby to popularize the brand. During this phase, the branded product would build its foundation in the market. The launched public campaigns and promotional techniques would begin to show its outcomes. However, the company still works with its advertising efforts so as to expand the brand image in the market. The branded product would have maximum market shares and have reached its peak of sales. In the opinion of Kotler et al (2009, p.304), during the maturity phase, growth gradually begins to slow down. The term of the maturity phase may vary from product to product according to the value of brand image. According to Meissner (2010), in the decline phase, brand awareness would be high even though sales are on the decline. Price falls, weakness in competitiveness, and emergence of rival would be other common

The Elegant Universe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Elegant Universe - Essay Example forms that may have developed in the presence of water and in the earth-like conditions but there is every possibility that life forms may exist in conditions that we may discard as being unsuitable for life since those are not the conditions for life as we know it (Greene). It, therefore, seems very unlikely that we are alone in this universe and somewhere out there may be species waiting to be contacted.  According to almost all of the scientific community, the universe was formed about 13.6 billion years ago and it has been expanding since its conception. There had been quite some debates regarding the shape and nature of the universe in the scientific literature. There were many hits regarding the expansion of the universe including the famous Doppler effect on the electromagnetic spectrum where the radiations are red shifted. However, the most startling fact about our expanding universe is that the expansion is accelerating and the regions that are farthest away from us are mo ving the fastest. Moreover, there is no hint whether this acceleration would ever hint and therefore all the clues point towards the fact that the universe is infinite or if it has an end, it is almost at an infinite distance from us.  Even though the universe is so vast that our existence seems puny and negligible, I feel a deep connection to the universe. All the atoms in our body as well as in everything that we use, are born in the hearts of the stars. And it would not be an exaggeration to say that we are an embodiment of the universe trying to understand ourselves. The universe and its vastness is also a source of calmness and serenity; it is always there whether we try to observe it or not and hence its presence casts a shadow over us all the time. The stars, the sky as well as all the galaxies and the planets have aroused the curiosity of humans for generations and have played a vital role in laying down the foundations of science.

ESD ( Emergency shout down) tool (chemical engneering) Essay

ESD ( Emergency shout down) tool (chemical engneering) - Essay Example With all the components functioning properly, ESD can process an incoming input from the sensors and sends an output signal to initiate a response that handles the emergency. The principle parts of the system are the sensors, valves actuators and the logics units. When an output signal is sent to the valve in the event of any risk, a solenoid valves responds by initiating failure response and the programmed logical action is carried out. An impedance device with direct current power system boosts the solenoid operations, the power also runs the processor, but it has to be converted back to alternating current. In most cases, emergency tools or devices are used to perform safety operations, which includes shutting down an equipment or process when a fault is detect, such faults includes damage to the system or improper operation that can lead to damages. In some cases, emergency shutdown system can isolate a part of a system that may be presenting some risks such as deactivating hydrocarbon inventories, stopping hydrocarbon flow and depressurizing the system. ESD gives the operator a variety of integration options; one can integrate it as a stand-alone or full integration courtesy of its unique circuit design. It has a fully loaded library with operative commands that includes graphics, trend extended automation entities such as faceplates, graphic elements, trends, document links and alarms and events. In addition, ABB provides a broad family of industry-specific libraries that contain Control Modules, Function Blocks, Data Types and graphic elements including special safety systems features for ESD applications1. These pre-tested and safety-certified libraries significantly reduce the time required to engineer, test and maintain control while minimizing project risks. These libraries are certified for Safety Integrity Levels 3 and 2. The visualization system can be designed specifically fit the

Impact of advertising and branding on consumer buying behavior for Dissertation

Impact of advertising and branding on consumer buying behavior for automobiles industries in india - Dissertation Example Conclusion 55 5.1 Introductions 55 5.2 Summary of the study with emphasis  on key findings: 56 5.3 Implication of findings: 56 5.4 Direction for further research references and bibliography appendices 59 Appendix 63 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study: Brand is a unique characteristic of a product which no other product of a different organization cannot copy or produce. It can be a symbol, name, term, design, colour or other features. Brand is an extra value which customer ready to pay while purchasing a famous company’s product. Advertising is a part of marketing communication. Advertising is used to manipulate, encourage and persuade viewers which can be a specific group also, towards some action. Mostly the desired action is drive consumer behaviour towards some commercial products or services, sometimes ideological or political advertisement also done. Industries often use advertisement to increase the consumption rate of their products and services by consumer. This became very easy by branding. For example when customer thinks about a smart phone the first company name come to their mind is Apple. That is because of branding. Advertising can be mostly two types they are ATL and BTL. ATL (Above the line) is mainly the hoarding, banner types of OOH (out of home) advertising including the audio, visual advertisement in television or radio. Advertisement in print media is also another type of ATL. BTL (Below the line) advertisement are those when a company directly involving its sales force or chain members into advertisements of the product may be along with sales like giving more incentives to the sales representatives increasing commission according to the sale by salesman (Doraszelski and Markovich, 2007). . Consumer behaviour is the reflection of consumer attitude or reaction towards some products or advertisements or the organizations. Consumer behaviour can be different according to some factors like geographic, psychographic, demogra phic etc. Geographic consumer behaviours vary according to the geographic location of the consumer. Like people who lives on mountains or high hills their food habits or clothing’s is different from the people who lives near sea or ocean in some extend. People who live in cold climates their living standard and people who live in tropical zones their living standards are totally different. Demographic consumer behaviour varies according to the some criteria’s like age, sex, education, income, marital status, no. of children etc. to a certain product different age group people react differently. Kids are attracted to colourful and sweet products, teenagers and young people are attracted to cool and fashion trend products and matured people attracted to products which give them long term services and also bring extra value like brand. According to the sexual differences choice of the product varies. Girls like the colour pink but most boys like blue. According to differe nt educational background interest of the people varies. Like people who are from technical background they are generally tech-savvy. So when a new technology comes to the market they get attracted to it. People who comes from arts and literature background they a

Petroleum Resources and the Economy of Angola Essay

Petroleum Resources and the Economy of Angola - Essay Example In this literature review this issue is studied taking a look at the conflictive positions regarding the "resource curse" that have been taken by different researchers along the years. We have to keep in mind that any kind of resource can't be a curse in itself as it is logical to assume. Everything depends on the use we give to a specific resource. In this line of thought it is obvious that ultimately the effects of petroleum resources on a nation have to be positive. Indeed they should be a blessing rather than a curse as we will see in this literature review. "Even until the mid-(1950s), coal was still the world's foremost fuel, but oil quickly took over. Following the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, there was significant media coverage of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source." (Wikipedia, 2006i). Petroleum is a finite resource, and besides this fact there are some negative environmental side effects that are valid reasons to discourage its use as the Ecology Center argue among other important facts about petroleum. Let's see: "No corner of the world is left untouched by the effects of petroleum ex... Many negative effects are well documented, such as global warming, habitat destruction, and political conflicts over oil supplies. But the petroleum economy extends its often hidden reach into many other aspects of life on our planet. Petroleum, used for transportation, industry, and mechanized agriculture, is the backbone of globalization. Institutions of global trade, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), work hand in hand with oil companies, while militaries provide the armed backup to protect these interests." (Ecology Center, 2003). The position of Ocean Engineering and Energy Systems (OCEES) favors Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) as an alternative fuel produced by the power of the sea. OCEES points out the negative effects of wars as detrimental environmental consequence of the political conflicts around oil control (OCEES International, n. d.). One relevant aspect to be considered about the finiteness of petroleum resources is the "oil peak" established by the Hubbert Peak Theory regarding the terminal depletion of all petroleum resources. The Wikipedia states the following about the oil peak and its practical consequences. "Given past oil production data and barring extraneous factors such as lack of demand, the model predicts the date of maximum oil production output for an oil field, multiple oil fields, or an entire region. This maximum output point is referred to as the peak. The period after the peak is referred to as depletion. The graph of the rate of oil production for an individual oil field over time follows a bell-shaped curve: first, a slow steady increase of production; then, a sharp increase; then, a plateau (the "peak"); and, finally, a steep decline." (Wikipedia, 2006f). Even though the Hubbert Peak Theory has faced

Impact of advertising and branding on consumer buying behavior for Dissertation

Impact of advertising and branding on consumer buying behavior for automobiles industries in india - Dissertation Example Conclusion 55 5.1 Introductions 55 5.2 Summary of the study with emphasis  on key findings: 56 5.3 Implication of findings: 56 5.4 Direction for further research references and bibliography appendices 59 Appendix 63 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the study: Brand is a unique characteristic of a product which no other product of a different organization cannot copy or produce. It can be a symbol, name, term, design, colour or other features. Brand is an extra value which customer ready to pay while purchasing a famous company’s product. Advertising is a part of marketing communication. Advertising is used to manipulate, encourage and persuade viewers which can be a specific group also, towards some action. Mostly the desired action is drive consumer behaviour towards some commercial products or services, sometimes ideological or political advertisement also done. Industries often use advertisement to increase the consumption rate of their products and services by consumer. This became very easy by branding. For example when customer thinks about a smart phone the first company name come to their mind is Apple. That is because of branding. Advertising can be mostly two types they are ATL and BTL. ATL (Above the line) is mainly the hoarding, banner types of OOH (out of home) advertising including the audio, visual advertisement in television or radio. Advertisement in print media is also another type of ATL. BTL (Below the line) advertisement are those when a company directly involving its sales force or chain members into advertisements of the product may be along with sales like giving more incentives to the sales representatives increasing commission according to the sale by salesman (Doraszelski and Markovich, 2007). . Consumer behaviour is the reflection of consumer attitude or reaction towards some products or advertisements or the organizations. Consumer behaviour can be different according to some factors like geographic, psychographic, demogra phic etc. Geographic consumer behaviours vary according to the geographic location of the consumer. Like people who lives on mountains or high hills their food habits or clothing’s is different from the people who lives near sea or ocean in some extend. People who live in cold climates their living standard and people who live in tropical zones their living standards are totally different. Demographic consumer behaviour varies according to the some criteria’s like age, sex, education, income, marital status, no. of children etc. to a certain product different age group people react differently. Kids are attracted to colourful and sweet products, teenagers and young people are attracted to cool and fashion trend products and matured people attracted to products which give them long term services and also bring extra value like brand. According to the sexual differences choice of the product varies. Girls like the colour pink but most boys like blue. According to differe nt educational background interest of the people varies. Like people who are from technical background they are generally tech-savvy. So when a new technology comes to the market they get attracted to it. People who comes from arts and literature background they a

The Idea of the American Dream Essay Example for Free

The Idea of the American Dream Essay What is the American Dream? Is it even attainable for the average citizen? Everyone has their own opinions on how they view the American dream. It can be different for almost everyone when you take into consideration their gender, age, nationality, and the transition of this idea between each generation. Can we obtain this dream by having a big house, luxury items, a non dysfunctional family, and the perfect job one would never complain about? Or is it simply what our nation is told by authorities such as parent figures and the media? Most people would consider this fantasy as the perfect life which, most comprehend as going to college, getting a good job, making a family, and having more money than needed. This idea of the so called perfect life is thought of as the universal dream for Americans. This dream is thought of as the pursuit of happiness, but this idea is no longer a selfless goal. Instead, the pursuit of happiness has transitioned into a self-serving fantasy for most Americans. This transition of the American dream has caused most people in this nation to lose focus on what is really important in our lives and brainwashed us to believe the allusion that possessing material items will bring us happiness. Many immigrants who reside in America have the idea that the American dream is escaping poverty and simply living a better life, while other immigrants and main stream American society view America as a place of opportunity to become more successful financially. The idea of the American dream and the pursuit of happiness may be universal for mature Americans, but completely different for other types of people according to their age, gender, nationality, and historic generation. People who were the supporters of their families over 50 years ago had only one idea of happiness, and that idea was a goal to make sure their was food on the table and a roof over their heads. That simple dream no longer exists in the majority of America. Now the type of happiness is different between age and gender. People of different ages have different desires. As people get older their needs are not as materialistic to a degree, but more focused on what makes them comfortable. When they mature they realize that materialistic items are a waste of money and focus more on how they should spend their money more wisely on things that could actually benefit their needs such as health care. Their happiness comes from feeling secure and comfortable. Although a child may not realize what the American dream is, they live it. They focus on what new toys they are going to get whereas adults focus more on their career. Men and women also view the American dream differently. For many men it’s more about ego, having the â€Å"macho† image, and driving the hot car. Men want to have a certain image that every other man would desire to have. . On the other hand, many women who have children are more focused on how they look as a mother. They want to be seen as the perfect mother with the smartest and most talented children. Aside from those ideas of the pursuit of happiness, people from different countries have the most legitimate idea of the American dream. The idea of the pursuit of happiness is an altered dream for those of different ethnicities and those who are born in America. Michael Schudson states that, â€Å"[i]mmigrants have an American dream knowing hardly anything of the US—except that they will find opportunity there, abundance and a chance to share in it† (1). They view the American dream as an opportunity to enhance their style of living, become a free independent person, and have equal opportunities. It allows them the opportunity to achieve more prosperity than they could in their countries of origin. Whereas, those who are born in America have a completely different understanding of what the American dream is. This dream to American society is making money so we can buy things that we think will make us happy. A clear example of this difference in comprehension of the American dream is provided by Raymund A. Paredes. He explains that, â€Å"Mexico has always been a poor and underdeveloped land where the evolution of a national myth of abundance and well-being would be unthinkable. On both sides of the border, writers of Mexican blood have dreamed not of wealth but only of relief from relentless poverty† (Paredes 71). To him and people of his culture, the true America dream is not in being able to buy unnecessary gadgets, but what really brings them happiness is to simply live a more comfortable and worry-free life. Parents are teaching their children a false sense of happiness by telling them they need money so they can have whatever they want in life. Many parents view America as the opportunity for their children to group up with an education and career opportunities. They will dedicate their lives to make sure their children will have a better childhood than they did themselves. In most cases they will also push their children to go to college so their children will be successful and have the money to buy the luxury items they are unable to afford. Education, for the most part, determines a persons job opportunities and level of income. It has become an understanding that without an education the idea of the American Dream seems to be out of reach. Education has become one of the central institutions in making the American Dream a reality. In the essay â€Å"What is Happiness? † a valid point is proven when the author John Ciardi explains that â€Å"We are taught that to possess is to be happy, and then we are made to want† (Ciardi 293). The true meaning of being successful is to be able to support a family and not worry about making ends meet with the next pay check. This is a noble goal indeed, but the fact of the matter is that, subconsciously or not, people want money to buy whatever they want which they believe will bring them happiness. The sole reason for most people to get a college education is to make a lot of money when they achieve their degree in a desired discipline. Is happiness really the result of having a lot of money? Ultimately, the American dream has to be achieved from one’s own personal motivations. Other’s motivations may create a false layer of make-up to another, but in reality no one else’s motivations can take the place of a person’s own. Motivations can be brought upon by a variety of different sources such as parents, background, and the medias influence on American society. For example, â€Å"children of [Korean] immigrants perceive their parents; of what these immigrants do not say [†¦] and of what their children leave out and simply refer to as a ‘typical Korean thing to do’ or a characteristic of ‘typical Korean parents,’ assuming that the knowledge is so common that there is no need to explain it. I came to the conclusion that, in common with American mainstream society and many other immigrant minorities who share the ‘American Dream,’ Korean immigrants consider money and prestige the criteria for success. However, it is when one understands that, for Korean-American immigrant parents, prestige is synonymous with the academic achievement of their children† (Kim 228). As a child of a Korean-American parent I can relate to this passage. Korean parents are known to push their children to do better than the average student which is an example of the â€Å"typical Korean parents. † Korean parents motivate their children to exceed excellence because of the opportunity they were unable to receive as children in Korea. With the unlimited opportunities available in America, Korean parents feel as though their children will be much happier by making more money than they know what to do with. The idea of how money and prestige is the main criteria for success applies to both main stream American society and Korean immigrants. This idea, for Korean immigrants, is enforced by their parents whereas for main stream American society is influenced by the media. The media has a huge influence on the way society views the American dream. Advertising is everywhere, and at home it’s only an arm’s reach away with the remote for the television, mouse to the internet, and magazines. How did obtaining luxury items become the American dream? Why does society feel so compelled to pursue it? Advertising has a very powerful way of persuading the public; so powerful that the American public has been convinced by advertising to desire these luxury items. Advertising persuades society so significantly to the point that it can alter our perception of what is truly important in life. It Alters our minds to the point that they feel that the American dream is no longer a luxury, but a necessity. For example, society buys luxury items because they feel as though they need nice things to make them happy. Through advertising, the media influences society so effectively that we no longer view the American dream as something to achieve but something we can buy. We continually see pictures of homes, cars, families, and luxury items everywhere on T. V, magazines, and billboards. It is impossible to escape these advertisements in America and these ads make sure of that. The more society is bombarded with these advertisements, the more they are persuaded toward obtaining materialistic things which they believe will bring them happiness. Money is needed to have these luxury items, but does more money bring us more happiness? Today everyone has a goal to become more successful than they already are. We feel as though with more money so we can buy luxury items that we can use for our enjoyment, thus making us happier. Although we feel as though money will bring us happiness, research has been done to disprove this idea. Nickerson, Schwarz, Diener, and Kahneman argue that, â€Å"The present longitudinal study examining the relation between the goal for financial success, attainment of that goal, and satisfaction with various life domains found that the negative impact of the goal for financial success on overall life satisfaction diminished as household income increased† (531). The goal for success has increased and most people would agree that a little more money would make them a little happier. The fact of the matter is that, since around the 1950’s the average American’s income has more than doubled and with double the income comes twice as many cars and accessories that not everyone used to have in the 1950’s, such as, dishwashers, clothes dryers, and air conditioning (Myers). Today, according to statistics, we have a little more money then we used to but are we happy? â€Å"Since 1957, the number of Americans who say they are ‘very happy’ has declined from 35 to 32 percent. Meanwhile, the divorce rate has doubled, the teen suicide rate has nearly tripled, the violent crime rate has nearly quadrupled (even after the recent decline), and more people than ever (especially teens and young adults) are depressed† (Myers). The American dream has changed over the years and statistics show that money is not the answer to our happiness. The answer is simplicity in life and family. The American dream is completely different now than it was over 50 years ago. Now, materialistic things are constantly being shoved in our face through the media, so we feel as though we need them in order to be happy. Over 50 years ago if a family had food on the table, a roof over their heads, and a car they were happy and thought to be living the American dream. As the years passed the American dream has become less meaningful. In the poem â€Å"Richard Cory,† Edwin A. Robinson tells a story of a man who had everything he could possibly want in the world. â€Å"And he was rich-yes, richer than a kind- [†¦] and Richard Cory, on calm summer night went home and put a bullet through his head. † This is a perfect example of how riches don’t bring people true happiness. Today people are only interested in how many possessions they obtain. In reality these possessions only bring us temporary satisfaction. Once the new version of a certain gadget or car comes out we instantly want it, and we are no longer happy with what we have. It seems as though no one is happy with what they have and once they fulfill one desire they create ten more desires. The American dream today is wasteful and the meaning has been altered into false image of happiness. The American dream is no longer a family fulfilling goal in most cases. For Mexican immigrants it is an escape from poverty, but the majority of us have been lead astray from the pursuit of happiness. Whether we are a child, adult, senior, male, or female, many Americans have a false understanding of how to pursue true happiness. Happiness doesn’t come from more money or more materialistic possessions. These possessions may only give use temporary satisfaction, but when a new gadget comes out we are no longer happy because the item we obtain is out of date. Through advertising, the media will keep creating more luxury items so society will continuously feel as if they need the newest thing. This only leads to unhappiness and our self-centered nation needs a reality check to understand what is truly important in life; simplicity and family. Work Cited Ciardi, John. â€Å"What is Happiness? † Wryick and Slaughter 291-293. Kim, Eun-Young. Career Choice Among Second-Generation Korean-Americans: Reflections of a Cultural Model of Success. Anthropology Education Quarterly 24. 3 (1993): 224-248. JSTOR. CSUS Library, Sacramento. 14 Apr. 2008. Keyword: American Dream. Myers, David G. Wealth, Well-Being, and the New American Dream. New American Dream. 2000. Yale University Press. 14 Apr. 2008 . Nickerson, Carol, Norbert Schwarz, Ed Diener, and Daniel Kahneman. Zeroing in on the Dark Side of the American Dream: a Closer Look At the Negative Consequences of the Goal for Financial Success. Psychological Science 14. 6 (2003): 531-536. 13 Apr. 2008 . Paredes, Raymund A. Mexican American Authors and the American Dream. Melus 8. 4 (1981): 71-80. JSTOR. CSUS Library, Sacramento. 14 Apr. 2008. Keyword: American Dream. Robinson, Edwin A. â€Å"Richard Cory. † Wyrick and Slaughter 385-386. Schudson, Michael. American Dreams. American Literary History 12 (2004): 1-2. Project Muse. CSUS Library, Sacramento. 13 Apr. 2008. Keyword: American Dream. Wyrick, Jean, and Slaughter, Beverly J. , 3rd ed. The Rinehart Reader. Boston: Thomson Learning, 1999

Strategic management and information systems at Tesco

Strategic management and information systems at Tesco Outsourcing ICT is quite commonly used by organisations as an approach to strategic management. Assess the advantages and disadvantages that outsourcing can bring in developing effective uses of information systems in an organisation such as Tesco. What do you understand by knowledge management and knowledge management systems? Analyze how useful such a system could be to Tesco and why it is often difficult to persuade employees to use such systems. As markets evolve the companies that are in the top seats are the ones that excel in organizing human resources and materials, also forecasting the possible changes in markets. To manage this many companies use the help of other companies to grow in this straggle of competition. This is called Outsourcing. If a firm does not want to use its internal resources to build or operate information systems, it can hire an external organization that specializes in providing these services to do the work. The process of turning over an organizations computer center operations, telecommunications networks, and/or applications development to external vendors is called outsourcing (Laudon Laudon, 2005). This definition covers the greatest part of Outsourcing, but what happens when we refer to ICT Outsourcing? First of all, what is ICT? Information Technology (IT) is probably one of the most used terms in business nowadays. Information shouldnt be confused with knowledge, unfortunately this happens occasionally. The term information is used extensively in no formal speech. This, and the different meanings used, makes it hard to define. From my point of view after studying on this subject, information covers data to which meaning is assigned, according to context and assumed conventions. Knowledge is derived from information. (Miller, 1999) Any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment, that is used in the automatic and digital acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. The term information technology includes computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including support services), and related resources. Taking under consideration the above we conclude that ICT Outsourcing can be defined as follows. Information Technology outsourcing is the concept of an organization contracting-out IT activities to a third party vendor, who in return provides and manages the services for a certain period of time in exchange for a monetary fee. The deal can include the transfer of IT assets and people involved with IT to the external entity. (Roland Booijen 2006) The main trend in international businesses nowadays is to outsource their production process as well as some of their services outside of their base country. The term outsourcing basically refers to the process of subcontracting goods and services from an outside supplier, usually from a different country. Most companies choose to outsource because of its many advantages over the traditional process of production. This article will show you some advantages that outsourcing can do for your business. Most companies choose to outsource because it lowers the cost of production and other expenses such as IT services and customer services. China and Vietnam, popular off shoring countries do not have strict labor laws allowing relatively cheaper wages. This guarantees that the company will get the most out of the capital invested in the business. A consequence of the advantage mentioned, outsourcing will reduce the overhead cost of maintaining the business. Outsourcing will allow you to reduce the number of your employees which will lead to savings in utilities, a save in taxes and less insurance among others. This will increase the funding of your company that can be invested in any other parts of the business. Another advantage of outsourcing is gives you better control of your business. Outsourcing can significantly reduce the number of your employees, thus making the rest of the staff easily manageable. By that, you can increase the responsibility of your workers inside your company and make them feel like a part of the business, something they have put their effort to bloom. Outsourcing gives you the chance to focus on other business aspects like the marketing process. By taking other parts of the business like production and other process away, you have more time to plan others steps of your company like how to sell you r products in a more efficient way. This can give you the weapons to become a recognizable marketing power company. Another advantage of outsourcing is that it allows you to choose professional level of processing or utilization according to the needs of your company. Since you choose expertise in their field, the quality of your service will also improve. Outsourcing would mean to expose your production to external procedures that you may not know or considered looking into. This can provide innovation capabilities for your business. This provides useful information on how to improve your products by using the earned technological info and professional production means. These are some of the benefits that outsourcing can brink to your business. In companies like Tesco using outsourcing can benefit in many ways as this huge business colossus always needs innovation, using outsourcing provides fresh ideas for them and also can keep them focused on other parts of the business like promotion or marketing. As you study your way through using outsourcing you will have to keep in mind that there are advantages to outsourcing and disadvantages of outsourcing. Some of the disadvantages of outsourcing are the following: One disadvantage is loss of management Control .Whether you sign a contract to have another company perform the function of an entire department or single task, you are turning the management and control of that function over to another company. True, you will have a contract, but the managerial control will belong to another company. Your outsourcing company will not be driven by the same standards and mission that drives your company. They will be driven to make a profit from the services that they are providing to you and other businesses like yours. Another disadvantage is hidden costs .You will sign a contract with the outsourcing company that will cover the details of the service that they will be providing. Anything not covered in the contract will be the basis for you to pay additional charges. Additionally, you will experience legal fees to retain a lawyer to review the contacts you will sign. Remember, this is the outsourcing companys business. They have done this before and they are the ones that write the contract. Therefore, you will be at a disadvantage when negotiations start. Yet another drawback may be the threat of Security and confidentiality .The life-blood of any business is the information that keeps it running. If you have payroll, medical records or any other confidential information that will be transmitted to the outsourcing company, there is a risk that the confidentiality may be compromised. If the outsourced function involves sharing proprietary company data or knowledge, this must be taken into account. Evaluate the outsourcing company carefully to make sure your data is protected and the contract has a penalty clause if an incident occurs. One more disadvantage may be quality problems. The outsourcing company will be motivated by profit. Since the contract will fix the price, the only way for them to increase profit will be to decrease expenses. As long as they meet the conditions of the contract, you will pay. In addition, you will lose the ability to rapidly respond to changes in the business environment. The contract will be very specific and you will pay extra for changes. Another disadvantage is to be tied to the financial well-being of another company. Since you will be turning over part of the operations of your business to another company, you will now be tied to the financial well-being of that company. It wouldnt be the first time that an outsourcing company could go bankrupt and leave you holding-the-bag. One more disadvantage is bad publicity and Ill-will .The word outsourcing brings to mind different things to different people. If you live in a community that has an outsourcing company and they employ your friends and neighbors, outsourcing is good. If your friends and neighbors lost their jobs because they were shipped across the state, across the country or across the world, outsourcing will bring bad publicity. If you outsource part of your operations, morale may suffer in the remaining work force. Companies like Tesco can use ITC outsourcing in their intercompany communications, by using a system of comlinks or anything like that. Another possible use is better organizing stock and storage of items by using computer based systems, databases for storage and self items would be a great effective way of ICT usage etc. 2. Knowledge management and Knowledge management systems ( KMS) are a class of informational systems that refer to the application of managing informational knowledge in an organization. That is, they are IT-based systems developed to support and enhance the organizational processes of knowledge creation, storage/retrieval, transfer, and application. Although not all KM initiatives involve an implementation of IT, and admonitions against an emphasis on IT at the expense of the social and cultural facets of KM are not uncommon (Davenport and Prusak 1998; Malhotra 1999; O.Dell and Grayson 1998), many KM initiatives rely on IT as an important enabler. While IT does not apply to all of the issues of knowledge management, it can support KM in many ways. A very common application of knowledge management systems is the creation of knowledge networks (Ruggles 1998). For example, when Chrysler reorganized from functional to platform based organizational units, they quickly Knowledge management a nd Knowledge management systems (KMS) are a class of informational systems that refer to the application of managing informational knowledge in an organization. That is, they are IT-based systems developed to support and enhance the organizational processes of knowledge creation, storage/retrieval, transfer, and application. Although not all KM initiatives involve an implementation of IT, and admonitions against an emphasis on IT at the expense of the social and cultural facets of KM are not uncommon (Davenport and Prusak 1998; Malhotra 1999; O.Dell and Grayson 1998), many KM initiatives rely on IT as an important enabler. While IT does not apply to all of the issues of knowledge management, it can support KM in many ways. A very common application of knowledge management systems is the creation of knowledge networks (Ruggles 1998). For example, when Chrysler reorganized from functional to platform based organizational units, they quickly realized that unless the suspension speciali sts could communicate easily with each other across platform types, expertise would deteriorate. Chrysler formed Tech Cul, bringing people together virtually and face-to-face to exchange and build their collective knowledge in each of the specialty areas. In this case, the knowledge management effort was less focused on mapping expertise or benchmarking than it was on bringing the experts together so that important knowledge was shared and amplified. Providing online forums for communication and discussion may form knowledge networks. The idea of a KM system is to enable employees to have ready access to the organizations documented base of facts, sources of information, and solutions. For example a typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the metallurgical composition of an alloy that reduces sound in gear systems. Sharing this information organization wide can lead to more effective engine design and it could also lead to ideas for new or improved equipment. A very good example in Tescos case is when they decided to implement an online ordering system that connected the customers with the warehouses and the suppliers. Some of the benefits of KMS systems are: Increased order processing capacity, Reduced hardware cost , Increased flexibility in maintaining supplier relationships , Better integration of programs, increased reliability in day to day operations. The key aspect of KM and KMS is to convince existing long term employees to make use of such systems in order to produce/sell more and drive profits upwards. Such a challenged is described in the Tesco Case Study as far as the living service scheme is described in the context of making employees comfortable with the new changes in the way they operates so far. This was achieved by implementing their managers in the process, in order to encourage employees that they have some ownership over their workplace and was achieved with 3 day workshops. However one of the major drawbacks was that the managers had to face was the skepticism of the employees who viewed the whole scheme as suspicious. Trilogy, the group of companies that was outsourced for this purpose made sure that the whole process would like a completely internal Tesco-like procedure to ensure that they had the employees full trust on the living service program. that unless the suspension specialists could communicate easily with each other across platform types, expertise would deteriorate. Chrysler formed Tech Cul, bringing people together virtually and face-to-face to exchange and build their collective knowledge in each of the specialty areas. In this case, the knowledge management effort was less focused on mapping expertise or benchmarking than it was on bringing the experts together so that important knowledge was shared and amplified. Providing online forums for communication and discussion may form knowledge networks. The idea of a KM system is to enable employees to have ready access to the organizations documented base of facts, sources of information, and solutions. For example a typical claim justifying the creation of a KM system might run something like this: an engineer could know the metallurgical composition of an alloy that reduces sound in gear systems. Sharing this information organization wide can lead to more effective engine design and it could also lead to ideas for new or improved equipment. A very good example in Tescos case is when they decided to implement an online ordering system that connected the customers with the warehouses and the suppliers. Some of the benefits of KMS systems are: Increased order processing capacity, reduced hardware cost, Increased flexibility in maintaining supplier relationships, Better integration of programs, increased reliability in day to day operations. The key aspect of KM and KMS is to convince existing long term employees to make use of such systems in order to produce/sell more and drive profits upwards. Such a challenged is described in the Tesco Case Study as far as the living service scheme is described in the context of making employees comfortable with the new changes in the way they operates so far. This was achieved by implementing their managers in the process, in order to encourage employees that they have some ownership over their workplace and was achieved with 3 day workshops. However one of the major drawbacks was that the managers had to face was the skepticism of the employees who viewed the whole scheme as suspicious. Trilogy, the group of companies that was outsourced for this purpose made sure that the whole process would like a completely internal Tesco-like procedure to ensure that they had the employees full trust on the living service program.